原始人類說話－fernanm7864x@outlook.com

基於參考文獻(Ruhlen 1994b：105)，列出原始人類說話的詞根：

魯蘭原始人類說話重建[編纂]

辭彙[編纂]

語言	誰?	什麼?	二	水	一/手指	手臂-1	手臂-2	彎膝/膝蓋	頭髮	陰道/外陰	味道/鼻子
科依桑	!kū	ma	/kam	k´´ā	//kɔnu	//kū	≠hā	//gom	/ʼū	!kwai	č』ū
尼羅-撒哈拉	na	de	ball	nki	tok	kani	boko	kutu	sum	buti	čona
尼日-剛果	nani	ni	bala	engi	dike	kono	boko	boŋgo		butu
亞非	k(w)	ma	bwVr	ak』^wa	tak	ganA		bunqe	somm	put	suna
卡特維	min	ma	yor	rt^s』q』a	ert	t』ot』	qe	muql	toma	putʼ	sun
達羅	yāv	yā	iraṇṭu	nīru	birelu	kaŋ	kay	meṇḍa	pūṭa	počču	čuṇṭu
歐亞	k^wi	mi	pālā	ak^wā	tik	konV	bhāghu(s)	bük(ä)	punče	p』ut』V	snā
得內-高加索	k^wi	ma	gnyis	ʔoχ^wa	tok	kan	boq	pjut	t^shām	putʼi	suŋ
Austric	o-ko-e	m-anu	ʔ(m)bar	namaw	ntoʔ	xeen	baγa	buku	śyām	betik	iǰuŋ
Indo-Pacific		mina	boula	okho	dik	akan	ben	buku	utu		sɨnna
澳洲	ŋaani	minha	bula	gugu	kuman	mala	pajing	buŋku		puda	mura
Amerind	kune	mana	p』āl	akwā	dɨk』i	kano	boko	buka	summe	butie	čuna

來曆：(Ruhlen 1994b：103)翻譯符號V暗示"元音，其原始切實的字符是未知的"(同上105頁)。點擊在最上面一行的符號可以改變字母順序的情勢。

根據人類的成長歷史，說話學家揣度原始人類語言通行於約20萬到5萬年前。從最近幾年對尼安德特人化石的研究，認為他們極可能亦有說話的能力，「原始人類說話」是不是包含尼安德特人的語言亦變成了爭議之一。這類說話，被認為是人類的先人當仍在東非時所使用的說話。

原始人類說話假定現今所有的現代語言，包括現代的語系和已消亡說話，皆發源於單一的一種語言。假若尼安德特人亦有其說話，有可能解釋原先的單一語言假設的毛病，但亦可能暗示人類的說話跟尼安德特人的說話還有一個更初期的先人翻譯

儘管有沒有數的測驗考試，但是語言學家得出一些結論既，復原該說話的方式是可疑的，並且假如真有原世界語的話，原世界語也不太可能被復原。

原始人類說話(Proto-Human language、Proto-Sapiens翻譯社 Proto-World)，又名原世界語，是一個假定於世界上存在的說話，並且是所有說話的比來配合祖先原始語，也是一個古老的原始語翻譯

ku = 'who'
ma = 'what'
pal = 'two'
ak^wa = 'water'
tik = 'finger'
kanV = 'arm'
boko = 'arm'
buŋku = 'knee'
sum = 'hair'
putV = 'vulva'
čuna = 'nose, smell'

參考文獻[編輯]

Bengtson, John D. and Merritt Ruhlen. 1994. "Global etymologies." In Ruhlen 1994a, pp. 277–336.

Bengtson, John D. 2007. "On fossil dinosaurs and fossil words." (Also: HTML version.)

Campbell, Lyle, and William J. Poser. 2008. Language Classification: History and Method. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Edgar, Blake. 2008 "Letter from South Africa." Archaeology 61.2 翻譯社 March–April 2008.
Gell-Mann翻譯社 Murray and Merritt Ruhlen. 2003. "The origin and evolution of syntax." (Also: HTML version.)
Givón翻譯社 Talmy. 1979. On Understanding Grammar. New York: Academic Press.
Greenberg翻譯社 Joseph. 1963. "Some universals of grammar with particular reference to the order of meaningful elements." In Universals of Language翻譯社 edited by Joseph Greenberg翻譯社 Cambridge: MIT Press翻譯社 pp. 58–90. (In second edition of Universals of Language, 1966: pp. 73–113.)
Greenberg, Joseph H. 1966. The Languages of Africa, revised edition. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. (Published simultaneously at The Hague by Mouton & Co.)
Greenberg, Joseph H. 1971. "The Indo-Pacific hypothesis." Reprinted in Joseph H. Greenberg, Genetic Linguistics: Essays on Theory and Method翻譯社 edited by William Croft, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.
Greenberg, Joseph H. 1987. Language in the Americas. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Greenberg, Joseph H. 2000-2002. Indo-European and Its Closest Relatives: The Eurasiatic Language Family. Volume 1: Grammar. Volume 2: Lexicon. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Klein, Richard G. and Blake Edgar. 2002. The Dawn of Human Culture. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
McDougall, Ian, Francis H. Brown, and John G. Fleagle. 2005. "Stratigraphic placement and age of modern humans from Kibish, Ethiopia." Nature 433.7027, 733–736.
Ruhlen, Merritt. 1994a. On the Origin of Languages: Studies in Linguistic Taxonomy, Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Ruhlen, Merritt. 1994b. The Origin of Language: Tracing the Evolution of the Mother Tongue. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Saussure翻譯社 Ferdinand de. 1986. Course in General Linguistics, translated by Roy Harris. Chicago: Open Court. (English translation of 1972 edition of Cours de linguistique générale, originally published in 1916.)
Trombetti翻譯社 Alfredo. 1905. L'unità d'origine del linguaggio. Bologna: Luigi Beltrami.
Trombetti翻譯社 Alfredo. 1922-1923. Elementi di glottologia翻譯社 2 volumes. Bologna: Zanichelli.
Wells翻譯社 Spencer. 2007. Deep Ancestry: Inside the Genographic Project. Washington翻譯社 D.C.: National Geographic.
White, Tim D., B. Asfaw, D. DeGusta, H. Gilbert, G.D. Richards翻譯社 G. Suwa, and F.C. Howell. 2003. "Pleistocene Homo sapiens from Middle Awash, Ethiopia." Nature 423:742–747.

外部連結[編纂]

Genetic Distance and Language Affinities
Babaev, Kirill. 2008. "Critics of the Nostratic theory", in Nostratica: Resources on Distant Language Relationship.

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