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• Mar 10 Sat 2018 05:43

• 校園霸凌，對受害學童的危險不僅止於精神心理層面，真…

1.同儕加害者的說話霸凌水平，與被霸凌者的受危險程度，存在著劑量依賴效應(dose-dependent effect)。受害者隨後呈現的情感症狀包羅:焦慮症、憂鬱症、憤怒性敵意、解離症(注2)、吸毒和"情緒煩躁不安"(anxiety翻譯社 depression, anger-hostility翻譯社 dissociation, drug use, and "limbic irritability."。)

2.遭到光鮮明顯說話霸凌的小孩，泛起臨床上明顯憂鬱症的風險可以增至2倍，焦慮症及情緒焦躁的風險可增至3至4倍，而解離症的風險可增高至10倍翻譯("Substantial exposure was associated with a greater than twofold increase in clinically significant ratings of depression翻譯社 a threefold to fourfold increase in anxiety and 'limbic irritability,' and 10-fold increase in dissociation" )

3.霸凌沒必要嚴重至肢體暴力水平，僅僅是冷笑、鄙視、羞辱等語言性暴力(ridicule, disdain, humiliation)，即足以造成上述大腦危險。

4.青少年6到8年級(11至14歲)的青少年出格輕易受說話霸凌危險。( the middle school years翻譯社 when children are between the ages of 11 and 14 years, appear to be a time when they are particularly vulnerable to such abuse.)

5.霸凌事宜最令人憂心的是，引起受害者的危險不但是表示在心理及精神層面，連負責連結左右大腦半球的胼胝體(corpus callosum)及負責貫穿連接大腦皮質區的放射冠( corona radiata)(位置請見下圖)的大腦組織生理佈局也會呈現與受同儕說話霸凌水平正相關的異常變化。(diffusion tensor imaging studies in a subset of individuals revealed a link between degree of exposure to peer verbal abuse and abnormalities in the corpus callosum, a "massive fiber tract that interconnects the left and right hemispheres," and in the corona radiata翻譯社 which contains axons that carry almost all of the neural traffic to and from the cerebral cortex.)

6.平均而言，男性比女性更輕易遭到霸凌。說話暴力與性行為似乎有相關性翻譯女性受害者往後較易呈現解離症狀與情感煩躁不安，而男性受害者日後則較易泛起福壽膏濫用問題。(On average, males reported a substantially greater degree of exposure to peer verbal abuse than females. The study also revealed interactions between peer verbal abuse and sex, with females scoring higher on measures of dissociation and "limbic irritability" and males reporting greater drug use.)